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Basic knowledge

Genome is the complete set of sequences in genetic material of an organism. It includes the sequence of each chromosome plus any DNA in organelles.

Nucleic acid are molecular that encode genetic information. They consist of a series of nitrogenous bases connected to ribose molecules that are linked by phosphodiester bonds. DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid, and RNA is ribonucleic acid.

Gene is the segment of DNA specifying production of a polypeptide chain, it includes regions preceding and following the coding region (leader an trailer) as well as intervening sequences (introns) between individual coding segments (exons).

Allele is one of several alternative forms of a gene occupying given locus on a chromosome.

Locus is the position on a chromosome at which the gene for a particular trait resides, a locus may be occupied by any one of the alleles for the gene.

Linkage describes the tendency of genes to be inherited together as a result of their location on the same chromosome, measured by percent recombination between loci.

Transformation of bacteria is the acquisition of new genetic material by incorporation of added DNA.

Avirulent mutants of a bacteria or virus have lost the capacity to infect a host productively, that is, to make more bacterium or virus.

The transforming principle is DNA that is taken up by a bacterium and whose expression then changes the properties of the recipient cell.

Bacterial transformation provided the first proof that DNA is the genetic material. Genetic properties can be transferred from one bacterial strain to another by extracting DNA from the first strain and adding it to the second strain.

Phage infection proved that DNA is the genetic material of virus. When the DNA and protein components of bacteriophages are labeled with different radioactive isotopes, only the DNA is transmitted to the progeny phages produced by infecting bacteria.

Transfection of eukaryotic cells is the acquisition o new genetic markers by incorporation of added DNA.

DNA can be used to introduce new genetic features into animal cell or whole animals.

In some viruses, the genetic material is RNA.

Intergenic region

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An Intergenic region is a stretch of DNA sequences located between clusters of genes that comprise a large percentage of the human genome but contain few or no genes. Occasionally some intergenic DNA acts to control genes close by, but most of it has no currently known function. It is one of the DNA sequences collectively referred to as junk DNA, though it is only one phenomenon labeled such and in scientific studies today, the term is less used.

This could also be where noncoding RNAs are located. Though little is known about them, they are thought to have regulatory functions.